On 17 March 1992, they started recruiting troops for the newly created Ministry of Defence. This battalion later destroyed the bridges at Dubăsari, Gura Bâcului-Bâcioc and Coșnița. Хроника конфликта в Приднестровско – Молдавской республике с 1988 по 2006 г. Alexander Rutskoi visit in Bendery in 1992 (video), http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/21/world/moldovan-forces-seize-a-key-town.html, http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/moldavia/benderye.htm, "U.S. and Russian Policymaking With Respect to the Use of Force", chapter 4, Trans-Dniestria, Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alexei Arbatov, et al. During the last years of the 1980s, the political landscape of the Soviet Union was changing due to Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost, which allowed political pluralism at the regional (republican) level. Forces of the 14th Army (which had owed allegiance to the USSR, and the Russian Federation in turn) stationed in Transnistria, had fought with and on behalf of the PMR forces. In the Moldavian SSR, as in many other parts of the Soviet Union, national movement… This day was the same day when Moldova was admitted as a member of the United Nations, i.e. United Nations University Press: New York & Paris, 2003. [33] However, he bore no goodwill towards the Transnistrian leadership and frequently denounced them as "criminals" and "bandits". The problem of the official language in the MSSR had become a Gordian knot, being exaggerated and, perhaps, intentionally politicized. Later reports of ceasefire violations have been brought under control with no known loss of human lives. They were later exchanged for Lieutenant-General Yakovlev. Although the Russian army officially took the position of neutrality and non-involvement, many of its officers were sympathetic towards the fledgling Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and some even defected in order to help the PMR side openly. A second Moldovan attempt to cross the Lunga bridge took place on 13 December 1991. However, in June 1992, the Transnistrian forces suffered an unfortunate defeat and the Moldovan forces won the war. Search results for: war room pandemic. received full international recognition of its August 27, 1991 declaration of independence. On 3 July at 03:00, a massive artillery strike from 14th Army formations stationed on left bank of the Dniester obliterated the Moldovan force concentrated in Gerbovetskii forest, near Bendery, effectively ending the military phase of the conflict. The capital, Tiraspol, a city of 200,000, is almost three-quarters Russian and Ukrainian. It has been reported that this action was a response to the stand-off at the police station in Bendery on 19 June 1992. Three locals (Alexandru Luchianov from Cocieri, Alexandru Gazea from Molovata and Mihai Nour from Roghi) were killed, but the military unit from Cocieri was defeated by the Moldovans. [citation needed], On many occasions, fire was opened at ambulance cars. [34], Shortly before the escalation of the conflict in late June 1992, Romania provided military support to Moldova by supplying weaponry, ammunition and armed vehicles,[19][35] and also by sending military advisers and training Moldovan military and police forces. In the aftermath of the failure of the Soviet coup attempt of 1991, on 27 August 1991, the Moldovan parliament adopted the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova. Moldovan forces used aircraft in the village of Parcani (Parkany) and shelled the ROG station there which meant engaging not just PMR but also Russian forces. In late 1991, the policemen in Tiraspol and Rîbniţa swore allegiance to the PMR. On 2 March 1992, locals from Cocieri, after hearing about the situation in Dubăsari, broke into the small local arms depot to arm themselves against the PMR side.Three locals (Alexandru Luchianov from Cocieri, Alexandru Gazea from Molovata and Mihai Nour from Roghi) were killed, but the military unit from Cocieri was defeated by the Moldovans. The officers and their families were forced to leave the village. Latest news on the topic Transnistria from / UNIAN / All news from Ukraine and the world 2121. Smirnov and Andrei Cheban were arrested by Moldova's police and immediately transported to a prison in Moldova. The agreement provided for peacekeeping forces charged with ensuring observance of the ceasefire and security arrangements, composed of five Russian battalions, three Moldovan battalions and two PMR battalions under the orders of a joint military command structure, the Joint Control Commission (JCC). However, his attempts at mediation between Chișinău and Tiraspol were largely unsuccessful and the situation escalated to an open military engagement by June 1992. [31], Shortly before the escalation of the conflict in late June 1992, Romania provided military support to Moldova by supplying weaponry, ammunition and armed vehicles,[17][32][32] and also by sending military advisers and training Moldovan military and police forces. On 27 April 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR adopted the traditional tricolour (blue, yellow and red) flag with the Moldavian coat of arms and later changed in 1991 the national anthem to Deșteaptă-te, române!, the national anthem of Romania since 1990. "[3] Following the war, 50 UNSO members were awarded the PMR "Defender of Transnistria" medal. In total, Transnistria is home to some 500,000 people, with Russian and Ukrainian making up 59% of the population and Moldovan Romanians 32%. Politics of Transnistria, a de facto independent state situated de jure within the Republic of Moldova in Eastern Europe, takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Transnistria is head of state and the Prime Minister of Transnistria is head of government. Days after the truce had been agreed upon, a military confrontation between a local self-defence unit and the Moldovan army, took place in Gîsca (Gyska), a village with an ethnic Russian majority near Bendery. In the Moldavian SSR, as in many other parts of the Soviet Union, national movements became the leading political force. In the following weeks both PMR and Moldovan forces amassed large numbers in the area and fought a trench war, with intermittent ceasefires. The news of the havoc in Bendery reached Tiraspol, only 11 km away, as Moldovan troops were approaching the crucial bridge over the Dniester. History. the part situated to the west of the river Dniester (Nistru), was united with Romania (1918–1940). [3] The incongruous motive of assisting a mostly pro-Russian region was for the "struggle of Slavs over Moldovan-Romanian aggression. During the last years of the 1980s, the political landscape of the Soviet Union was changing due to Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost, which allowed political pluralism at the regional (republican) level. One of the first clashes between the Moldovan government and separatists occurred on 2 November 1990 in Dubăsari. [18][19] A significant portion of the personnel of the Russian 14th Army were local conscripts and officers that had been given local residence. In addition to Soviet weaponry inherited upon independence, Moldova also obtained arms from Romania. A police detachment was dispatched to clear a roadblock placed by the city residents on the bridge over the river Dniester that effectively cut the city off from the central government. The conflict remained unresolved but in 2011 talks were held under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) with Lithuania holding the rotating chairmanship.[10]. After being prevented from clearing the roadblock, policemen opened fire, with three residents of Dubăsari being killed and 13 were wounded, resulting in the first casualties of the conflict.[15][16]. A three MiG-29 package took off from Chisinau, two of them armed with six OFAB-250 bombs each. With the PMR's overwhelming military superiority, Moldova had little chance of achieving victory and the fighting was unpopular with the skeptical Moldovan population. But the occasion has been marked by an escalation in tensions between Moldova, on the one hand, and Transnistria … It represents slightly more than one tenth of Moldova's territory. On 6 September 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Transnistria adopted a resolution which called for the formation of a Transnistrian military unit. The agency contracted by Shevchuk’s team did not announce the results at all. [23] In the course of the confrontation, three Dubăsari locals, Oleg Geletiuk, Vladimir Gotkas and Valerie Mitsuls, were killed by the Moldovan forces and sixteen people wounded.[7]. WASHINGTON (SBG) — Since the 2020 presidential election was called in Joe Biden's favor, President Donald Trump has largely remained out of the public eye. [12] This opposition to the new trends and potential future policies was manifested in a more visible way in Transnistria, where, unlike the rest of the MSSR, ethnic Moldovans (39.9%) were outnumbered by the combined figure of Russians and Ukrainians (53.8%) as per the 1989 Census in Transnistria, largely due to higher immigration during the Soviet Era. The Russian 14th Army's role in the area was crucial to the outcome of the war. However, his attempts at mediation between Chişinău and Tiraspol were largely unsuccessful and the situation escalated to an open military engagement by June 1992. In response, the Cossacks who came from Rostov-on-Don to support the PMR side stormed the police precinct in Dubăsari during the night. the part situated to the west of the river Dniester (Nistru), was part of Romania (1918–1940). Ep 656: Next Steps (w/ Raheem Kassam, Jack Maxey, John Fredericks, Brandon Beach, Burt Jones) Bannons War Room. Russia has since disbanded the 14th army and reduced troop strength in Transnistria to a corps of around 1,300 men who form part of the JCC. On 1 March 1992 Igor Shipcenko, the PMR militia chief of Dubăsari, was killed by a teenager and Moldovan police were accused of the killing. It is estimated that in total nearly one thousand people were killed in the conflict, with the number of wounded approaching 3,000. Others, on the contrary, complained the laws were not followed. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997), p. 178, Приднестровский парламентарий: Причиной приднестровского конфликта стало то, что Молдавия провозгласила себя моноэтническим государством, Armed conflict in and around the city of Bendery, Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–15), Dissident Irish Republican Campaign (1998–present), Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001), Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001), 2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence, 2014 Albanian demonstrations in Macedonia, Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–present), https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Transnistria_War?oldid=5249987, Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls. Moldovan policemen loyal to Chişinău from the Dubăsari raion (district), instead of returning to work in the occupied precinct in Dubăsari, now a milice precinct, gathered in Cocieri. Although the Russian Army officially took the position of neutrality and non-involvement, many of its officers were sympathetic towards the fledgling Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and some even defected in order to help the PMR side openly. Mikhail is also a Jew, but his family didn't arrive in Chernivtsi until after the war, like most of the 3,000 Jews who live in the city today. 364-913 killed. The war between Transnistria and Moldova resulted in the PMR’s victory and hostilities in the region ended in 1992 after entry of a Russian peace-keeping contingent. The first clash between the Moldovan government and separatists occurred on 3 November 1990 in Dubăsari. There were also reports of captured Moldovan policemen, soldiers and volunteers being beaten and tortured by PMR forces.[16]. In protest, the women's strike committee headed by Galina Andreeva blocked the Moscow–Chișinău railway line at a waypoint between Bender and Tiraspol, until the arrested were freed by the president of Moldova Mircea Snegur in an attempt to quell the spirits. Fearing voter fraud, Moldova war veterans keep an eye on Transnistria. Urban warfare ensued between the two sides in the densely populated city, causing civilian casualties. Before the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and the creation of the Moldavian SSR in 1940, the Bessarabian part of Moldova, i.e. As a result of the fighting, 27 PMR troops were taken prisoner and four Moldovan troops (Ghenadie Iablocikin, Gheorghe Cașu, Valentin Mereniuk and Mihai Arnăut) were killed,[24] without Moldova being able to cross the bridge. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed; "Pridnestrovie" being the name for Transnistria in Russian. These self-proclaimed states maintained close ties with each other. Urban warfare ensued between the two sides in the densely populated city, causing civilian casualties. This possibility caused fears among the Russian-speaking population that it would be excluded from most aspects of public life. In the Moldavian SSR, as in many other parts of the Soviet Union, national movement… [27] The Moldovan radio said three Soviet Russian T-64 tanks from the 14th Army, some bearing Russian flags, were destroyed when closing in on central Bendery,[27] two of them by T-12 antitank guns, and a third by a rocket propelled grenade that set its engine on fire. [1][5][36], Involvement of Russian and Ukrainian volunteers, Dnestrovskaya Pravda, no. After his arrest, PMR guards opened fire on the police station. There is no general consensus on the number of volunteers or the military role they played in the conflict. During the combat, civil buildings were damaged or destroyed by artillery fire. [17] The PMR interpreted this as meaning that the 1940-merger of the two sides of the Dniester river was dissolved. Another quote attributed to him describes his stance as follows: "I told the hooligans [separatists] in Tiraspol and the fascists in Chișinău – either you stop killing each other, or else I'll shoot the whole lot of you with my tanks". The Moldovan government ordered its troops to enter the city the following morning. July marked the 25 th anniversary of the predominantly Russian peacekeeping operation in Transnistria which began following the Transnistria War in the early 1990s. [13] This opposition to the new trends and potential future policies was manifested in a more visible way in Transnistria, where, unlike the rest of the MSSR, ethnic Moldovans (39.9%) were outnumbered by the combined figure of Russians and Ukrainians (53.8%) as per the 1989 Census in Transnistria, largely due to higher immigration during the Soviet Era. After this second failed attempt, there was a lull in military activity until 2 March 1992, considered the official start date of the War of Transnistria. The second law stipulated the return to the Latin Romanian alphabet. On 23 June, in the wake of a coordinated offensive by Moldovan forces, General Major Alexander Lebed arrived at the 14th Army headquarters with standing orders to inspect the army, prevent the theft of armaments from its depots, stop the ongoing conflict with any means available and ensure the unimpeded evacuation of armaments and Army personnel from Moldovan and through Ukrainian territory. Moldovan policemen loyal to Chișinău from the Dubăsari raion (district), instead of returning to work in the occupied precinct in Dubăsari, now a milice precinct, gathered in Cocieri. On the afternoon of that day, the Moldovan police in Bendery arrested the 14th Army's Major Yermakov on suspicion of planned subversion. "U.S. and Russian Policymaking With Respect to the Use of Force", chapter 4, Trans-Dniestria, Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alexei Arbatov, et al. The sides accused each other of such actions. As a result, the Republican Guard (Russian: Республиканская гвардия ПМР) was formed.It was the direct counterpart to the Republic of Moldova's Republican Guard (Romanian: Garda Republicană). Search Results. The scene of intense fighting during the 1992 war that … Although minor, this incident was a sufficient spark for the already very tense situation to blow up and cause the conflict to escalate. The newly independent Moldovan parliament asked the defunct government of the USSR "to begin negotiations with the Moldovan government in order to put an end to the illegal occupation of the Republic of Moldova and withdraw Soviet troops from Moldovan territory". A second "bridge-head" was formed on the eastern bank, now south of Dubăsari. The involvement of the Soviet 14th Guards Army in the War of Transnistria was extensive and contributed to the outcome, which left the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) with de facto independence from the Republic of Moldova.. Background. The Transnistria War was an armed conflict that broke out in November 1990 in Dubăsari (Russian: Дубоссáры, Dubossary) between pro-Transnistria forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units (which were supported by elements of the Russian 14th Army), and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan troops and police. At that time, General Yakovlev has been both Commander of the 14th Army and "Head of the National Defence and Security Department" of the PMR. Before the creation of the Moldavian SSR, today's Transnistria was part of the Ukrainian SSR, as an autonomous republic called the Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, with Tiraspol as its capital (1924–1940). A similar development occurred on March 13 in the villages of Coşniţa, Pîrîta, Pohrebea and Doroţcaia. In 1792, the region became part of the Russian Empire as a result of the sixth Russo-Turkish War.In that year, the general Alexander Suvorov founded modern Tiraspol as a Russian border fortress. eds. Army spokesmen said the tanks had been seized from depots by separatists.[24]. [26], A ceasefire was in negotiation during June in the Bendery area. The conflict in Transnistria is far from both resolution and explosion. received full international recognition of its August 27, 1991 declaration of independence. Transnistria has a mixed economy. At the same time, the Russian 14th Guards Army in Moldovan territory numbered about 14,000 professional soldiers. [32] Volunteers from Romania fought on Moldova's side. [1], Volunteers from Russia and Ukraine, including Don and Kuban Cossacks fought on Transnistria's side. When, on 29 August 1991, Transnistria's independence leader Igor Smirnov and three other deputies arrived in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, to meet Ukrainian leader Leonid Kravchuk. Transnistria is a small breakaway state located between the Dniester River and Moldova's eastern border with Ukraine. During the breakup of the Soviet Union, a predominantly Russian-speaking area of Moldova, Transnistria, declared independence and fought a civil war against the Romanian-speaking majority. [25] More policemen were ferried the following days from the western bank of the Dniester. The first area of military action was on the eastern shore of the Dniester river, from north to south, the villages of Molovata Nouă, Cocieri (approx 6,000 inhabitants), Corjova and the city of Dubăsari (approx 30,000 inhabitants), together forming a contiguous mainly inhabited area 10–12 km along the shore. On 2 March 1992, locals from Cocieri, after hearing about the situation in Dubăsari, broke into the small local arms depot to arm themselves against the PMR side. However, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the territorial changes resulting from it have remained in place. 84-85, page 2, November 24, 2001, [John Mackinlay and Peter Cross: Regional Peacekeepers, The Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping. [20] In the course of the confrontation, three Dubăsari locals, Oleg Geletiuk, Vladimir Gotkas and Valerie Mitsuls, were killed by the Moldovan forces and sixteen people wounded.[5]. [21][22] A significant portion of the personnel of the Russian 14th Army were local conscripts and officers that had been given local residence. Transnistria War. The Moldovan government ordered its troops to enter the city the following morning. The news of the havoc in Bendery reached Tiraspol, only 11 km away, as Moldovan troops were approaching the crucial bridge over the Dniester. Moldova, however, did not agree, as large portions of the territory occupied in 1940 by USSR remain in Ukraine, and almost immediately took steps to assert its sovereignty over the full territory of the now-former MSSR. Please improve this article by adding a reference. However, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the territorial changes resulting from it have remained in place. It was reported that in the daytime, June 20, Moldovan troopers were shooting at civilians who were hiding in their houses, trying to flee the city or help wounded (PMR) national guards. Moldovan language is the term used in the former Soviet Union for a virtually identical dialect of the Romanian language during 1940–1989. However, the full scale conflict re-erupted after regular Moldovan forces entered the city of Bendery in an attempt to reestablish the authority of Moldova there. The Transnistria Governorate (Romanian: Guvernământul Transnistriei) was a Romanian-administered territory between the Dniester and Southern Bug, conquered by the Axis Powers from the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa and occupied from 19 August 1941 to 29 January 1944. Yakovlev eventually participated in the founding of the PMR, served in the PMR Supreme Soviet and accepted the position as the first chairman of the PMR Department of Defense on 3 December 1991, causing the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS armed forces, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov, to promptly relieve him of his rank and service in the Russian military. The first fatalities in the emerging conflict took place on 2 November 1990, two months after the PMR's 2 September 1990 declaration of independence. Over time, the Russian 14th army formally engaged in the war, as allies of Transnistria to defeat the Moldovan forces. Shevchuk’s presidency coincided with the war in Eastern Ukraine and the emergence of other de facto states in the post-Soviet space. After World War II, Transnistria was heavily industrialised, to the point that, in 1990, it was responsible for 40% of Moldova's GDP and 90% of its electricity, although it accounted for … After his arrest, PMR guards opened fire on the police station. On 31 August 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR enacted two laws. On 31 August 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR enacted two laws. ROG Parcani sapper battalion, under the orders of General Butkevich, went over to the PMR side. PMR units were able to arm themselves with weapons taken from the stores of the former 14th Army. [16] HRC observers were told by doctors in Bendery that as a result of heavy fire from Moldovan positions between 19–20 June, they were unable to attend the wounded. More news on the website of the news agency UNIAN In the resulting shootout, three residents of Dubăsari were killed, the first casualties of the conflict.[14]. At that time, General Yakovlev has been both Commander of the 14th Army and "Head of the National Defence and Security Department" of the PMR. Smirnov and Andrei Cheban were arrested by Moldova's police and immediately transported to a prison in Moldova. The two main political parties in Transnistria, the Republican Party (Respublikanskaya Partiya Pridnestroviya) and Renewal (Obnovleniye) oppose any rapprochement with Chişinău.The only party that has been in favor of some conditional rapprochement with Moldova is the Social Democratic Party, it however lost its influence in 2009 and ceased to function. 5,000+ volunteers. }} On 1 March 1992 Igor Shipcenko, the PMR militia chief of Dubăsari, was killed by a teenager and Moldovan police were accused of the killing. On 22 June 1992, acting on news that troops from the 14th Army were ready to cross the Dniestr and move deep into Moldova, the Moldovan military ordered an airstrike to destroy the bridge between Bendery and Tiraspol. This possibility caused fears among the Russian-speaking population that it would be excluded from most aspects of public life. For two months, Moldovan authorities refrained from taking action against this proclamation. Estimates range from as low as 200 to as high as 3000. The language laws presented a particularly volatile issue as a great proportion of the non-Moldovan population of the Moldavian SSR did not speak Moldovan (Romanian). From September 1989, there were strong scenes of protests in the region against the central government's ethnic policies. 279-324 killed. These events, as well as the end of the Ceaușescu regime in neighboring Romania in December 1989 and the partial opening of the border between Romania and Moldova on 6 May 1990, led many in Transnistria and Moldova to believe that a union between Moldova and Romania was inevitable. The first fatalities in the emerging conflict took place on 2 November 1990, two months after the PMR's 2 September 1990 declaration of independence. These events, as well as the end of the Ceauşescu regime in neighboring Romania in December 1989 and the partial opening of the border between Romania and Moldova on 6 May 1990, led many in Transnistria and Moldova to believe that a union between Moldova and Romania was inevitable. Doctors testified in Russian media that heavy fire from the positions of Moldovan forces, June 19–20, prevented them from giving help to the wounded.[26]. [by whom?] 51. In 1991, PMR paramilitary forces conducted forays into supply depots of the 14th Army, appropriating an unknown but large amount of equipment. On 22 December 1990 the president Mikhail Gorbachev signed a decree that declared void the decisions of the Second Congress of People Deputies of Transnistria from 2 September. The newly independent Moldovan parliament asked the defunct government of the USSR "to begin negotiations with the Moldovan government in order to put an end to the illegal occupation of the Republic of Moldova and withdraw Soviet troops from Moldovan territory". Russian sources reported "dozens of dead" in the streets.[27]. Before the war, opposition to Moldovan nationalism increased and raids and attempts to seize the territory took place. During the last years of the 1980s, the political landscape of the Soviet Union was changing due to Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost, which allowed political pluralism at the regional (republican) level. In 1992, full scale war erupted when the 14,000-strong Russian 14 th Guards Army, already stationed in Transnistria, began arming and training the rebels and even fighting on their behalf. No direct hits were achieved on the intended target, but the bridge received some blast and splinter damage from near misses. The PMR authorities had 9,000 militiamen trained and armed by officers of the 14th Army. The conflict in Transnistria is the last secessionist conflict in the post-Soviet space that remains “frozen,” in the sense that unlike in Georgia or Nagorno-Karabakh, both sides agree on the boundary line, and there is no ongoing fighting. The Russian 14th Army's role in the area was crucial to the outcome of the war. With the PMR's overwhelming military superiority, Moldova had little chance of achieving victory and the fighting was unpopular with the skeptical Moldovan population. [28][29] A quote attributed to Lebed demonstrates his support of the Transnistrian cause: "I am proud that we helped and armed Transnistrian guards against Moldovan fascists". [28] Russian Army spokesmen said the tanks had been seized from depots by separatists. A similar development occurred on March 13 in the villages of Coșnița, Pîrîta, Pohrebea and Doroțcaia. Под знаменами демократии. Vlad Grecu – "O viziune din focarul conflictlui de la Dubăsari", Prut International 2005, Vlad Grecu – "O viziune din focarul conflictului de la Dubăsari", page 38-39, V. Grecu – "O viziune din focarul conflictului de la Dubăsari", page 65-68, Alexander Rutskoi visit in Bendery in 1992 (video), William Crowther,"Moldova: caught between nation and empire," in, Timeline of events in the War of Transnistria, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989, "Better to die as a wolf than live as a dog" («Краще згинути вовком, нiж жити псом»), "Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world" Chapter 5, "Dynamics of the Moldova Trans-Dniester ethnic conflict (late 1980s to early 1990s)", "Dubossary marked anniversary of the first Dniester engagement", ВОЗРОЖДЕННОМУ В ПРИДНЕСТРОВЬЕ ЧЕРНОМОРСКОМУ КАЗАЧЬЕМУ ВОЙСКУ – 15 ЛЕТ, "В Приднестровье отмечают 15-летие Черноморского казачьего войск,", "Monumentul eroilor căzuți în războiul transnistrean", http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=108®ionSelect=9-Eastern_Europe#, "Large-scale and gross violations of human rights and the situation in the zone of armed conflict in and around the city of Bendery (June-July, 1992)", Moldova's 1991 Declaration of Independence, "Istoria creării Armatei Naționale (Moldova)", Arms and Ethnic Conflict, John Sislin, Frederic S. Pearson (Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), p. 99. PMR sources stated that in Bandery, one doctor was killed and several wounded, while six ambulance personnel were wounded in Kaushany. As the nationalist-dominated Moldovan Supreme Soviet outlawed these initiatives, the Gagauz Republic and Transnistria declared independence from Moldova and announced their application to be reattached to the Soviet Union as independent federal republics.[13]. They suggest that the conflict is more political in nature.[13]. After briefly assessing the situation, he assumed command of the army, relieving Netkachev, and ordered his troops to enter the conflict directly. The War of Transnistria was a limited conflict that broke out in November 1990 at Dubăsari (Russian: Дубоссáры, Dubossary) between pro-Transnistria forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units, and supported by elements of the Russian 14th army, and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan troops and police.