Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul (eds.) Shakespeare's Richard was a cruel, vindictive and irresponsible king, who attained a semblance of greatness only after his fall from power. [80] Richard's expenditure on jewellery, rich textiles and metalwork was far higher than on paintings, but as with his illuminated manuscripts, there are hardly any surviving works that can be connected with him, except for a crown, "one of the finest achievements of the Gothic goldsmith", that probably belonged to his wife Anne. The king's men grew restive, an altercation broke out, and William Walworth, the Lord Mayor of London, pulled Tyler down from his horse and killed him. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. [31] Rather than consenting, the parliament responded by refusing to consider any request until the chancellor was removed. Family tree. the Black Prince. The king’s early years were overshadowed by the Hundred Years’ War, a prolonged struggle with France. in return. Mother: Isabella of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; Father: Charles VI of France Queen consort of Richard II of England (1367-1400, ruled 1377-1399, deposed), son of Edward, the Black Prince; Married: October 31, 1396, widowed 1400 at age ten. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke, who had previously been exiled. [12], It is unclear how much Richard, who was still only fourteen years old, was involved in these deliberations, although historians have suggested that he was among the proponents of negotiations. [2] Nigel Saul, who wrote the most recent academic biography on Richard II, concedes that – even though there is no basis for assuming the king had a mental illness – he showed clear signs of a narcissistic personality, and towards the end of his reign "Richard's grasp on reality was becoming weaker". On the other hand, the Traison et Mort Chronicle suggests otherwise. In 1385, the king himself led a punitive expedition to the north,[28] but the effort came to nothing, and the army had to return without ever engaging the Scots in battle. To avoid dependence on the nobility for military recruitment, he pursued a policy of peace towards France. She contracted a first marriage in 1340 with Sir Thomas Holland, However, the plan failed because it included a requirement that the English king pay homage to the King of France – a condition that proved unacceptable to the English public. Keeper of the Realm Edmund, Duke of York, had little choice but to side with Bolingbroke. For one, the absence of war was meant to reduce the burden of taxation, and so help Richard's popularity with the Commons in parliament. [14] He agreed to the rebels' demands, but this move only emboldened them; they continued their looting and killings. Despenser, the great-grandson of Hugh Despenser the Younger, Edward II's favourite who was executed for treason in 1326, was given the forfeited earldom of Gloucester. [79] It is one of the few surviving English examples of the courtly International Gothic style of painting that was developed in the courts of the Continent, especially Prague and Paris. Rumours that Richard was still alive persisted, but never gained much credence in England;[102] in Scotland, however, a man identified as Richard came into the hands of Regent Albany, lodged in Stirling Castle, and serving as the notional – and perhaps reluctant – figurehead of various anti-Lancastrian and Lollard intrigues in England. British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000000356.0x000010 Montacute had succeeded his uncle as Earl of Salisbury earlier the same year. [11] Despite his young age, Richard had shown great courage and determination in his handling of the rebellion. This seems to have been a true love match. It is likely, though, that the events impressed upon him the dangers of disobedience and threats to royal authority, and helped shape the absolutist attitudes to kingship that would later prove fatal to his reign. The king succumbed to blind rage, ordered his release from the Tower, called his cousin a traitor, demanded to see his wife and swore revenge throwing down his bonnet, while Henry refused to do anything without parliamentary approval. Froissart described Epithet: Mother of Richard II. ii. [2] At the parliament of October that year, Michael de la Pole – in his capacity of chancellor – requested taxation of an unprecedented level for the defence of the realm. Cecily married Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and had several offspring, including Edward IV and Richard III, making Joan the grandmother of two Yorkist kings of England. According to Bolingbroke, Mowbray had claimed that the two, as former Lords Appellant, were next in line for royal retribution. R 345 Item, j autre ceinture d'or d'orfevre, de plumes [119], One of the primary historiographical questions surrounding Richard concerns his political agenda and the reasons for its failure. Alexander and Binski, pp. Rather than allowing Bolingbroke to succeed, Richard extended the term of his exile to life and expropriated his properties. [75] At the same time, he developed his own private military retinue, larger than that of any English king before him, and gave them livery badges with his White Hart. It is documented in the royal collection from 1399 and accompanied Blanche, daughter of Henry IV, to her Bavarian marriage. d'ostrich assis sur un tisseu de soye noir, priz par estimacion, xx li. [46] Furthermore, John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 and settled his differences with the king, after which the old statesman acted as a moderating influence on English politics. The aggressive foreign policy of the Lords Appellant failed when their efforts to build a wide, anti-French coalition came to nothing, and the north of England fell victim to a Scottish incursion. After Edward II's abdication and murder, they seized control of the realm, but in 1330, just before his eighteenth birthday, Edward arrested Mortimer and assumed power. of Kent in her own right. [88] Chaucer's colleague and friend John Gower wrote his Confessio Amantis on a direct commission from Richard, although he later grew disenchanted with the king. [54] The invasion was a success, and a number of Irish chieftains submitted to English overlordship. and inherited the Donnington estate from him in 1353. Henry had agreed to let Richard live after his abdication. Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years' War. Log in Sign up # mother-of-Richard-II Follow. [e] With the forfeited lands of the convicted appellants, the king could reward these men with lands suited to their new ranks. Percy took him at his word and declined to interfere. Anne of Bohemia, who had an ostrich as a badge. He described Joan as 'the most beautiful lady in England, and by far the most amorous'. but when he left on campaign in the same year, William Montagu, earl of Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He described Joan as 'the most beautiful lady in England, This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 13:51. Joan seems to have taken an active and beneficial role in politics. [52], Although Richard sought peace with France, he took a different approach to the situation in Ireland. While recruiting retainers for himself in various counties, he prosecuted local men who had been loyal to the appellants. [21], Michael de la Pole had been instrumental in the marriage negotiations;[2] he had the king's confidence and gradually became more involved at court and in government as Richard came of age. Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third son to survive to adulthood. After a heated quarrel with the king, he was condemned and executed. 107-108) Nor is this blessing to lead one to assume that the duchess becomes one who is deceived by the arch-villain. f. ^ Though it had become established tradition for earldoms to descend in the male line, there was no such tradition for royal succession in England. [97], Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma. [17], The king soon revoked the charters of freedom and pardon that he had granted, and as disturbances continued in other parts of the country, he personally went into Essex to suppress the rebellion. [13] The next day, Friday, 14 June, he set out by horse and met the rebels at Mile End. [120] More recently, Richard's concept of kingship has been seen by some as not so different from that of his antecedents, and that it was exactly by staying within the framework of traditional monarchy that he was able to achieve as much as he did. Clip from the History File series,which looks at the life and reign of Richard II of England. Because his father died prematurely in 1376, Richard succeeded his grandfather Edward III as king in June 1377. Richard II's mother, Joan of Kent (c. 1328-85), was a granddaughter of Edward I. Title: Princess of Wales. [76] He was then free to develop a courtly atmosphere in which the king was a distant, venerated figure, and art and culture, rather than warfare, were at the centre. [4] The Prince of Wales finally succumbed to his long illness in June 1376. [64] Discord broke out in the inner circles of court in December 1397, when Bolingbroke[63] and Mowbray became embroiled in a quarrel. During Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of regency councils, influenced by Richard's uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock. Earlier in 2020, before the Pandemic put us in a lock down, I came upon a rare soft focus portrait lens, the Pinkham & Smith Visual Quality IV Series 2. Upon the death of Edward III, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne. According to contemporary sources, three kings – "the King of Castille, the King of Navarre and the King of Portugal" – were present at his birth. 2. a fictitious female pope about A.D. 855 858. [2] Contributing to discontent was an increasingly heavy burden of taxation levied through three poll taxes between 1377 and 1381 that were spent on unsuccessful military expeditions on the continent. [8] By 1381, there was a deep-felt resentment against the governing classes in the lower levels of English society. ", he led the mob away from the scene. b. [47] Richard assumed full control of the government on 3 May 1389, claiming that the difficulties of the past years had been due solely to bad councillors. [45] Richard was now over twenty-one years old and could with confidence claim the right to govern in his own name. [2] His body was taken south from Pontefract and displayed in St Paul's Cathedral on 17 February before burial in King's Langley Priory on 6 March. It is tempting to imagine that she was the second wife of Duke Richard II of the same name. Mowbray vehemently denied these charges, as such a claim would have amounted to treason. 7. Her father, Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, was executed for treason in 1330. Coronation: January 8, 1397; Children: none; Also married to Charles, Duke of Orleans, 1406. [7] Instead, the king was nominally to exercise kingship with the help of a series of "continual councils", from which Gaunt was excluded. She "[121], a. The Life and Death of King Richard the Second, commonly called Richard II, is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in approximately 1595. [c] Nonetheless, the marriage was not popular in England. Arundel's brother Thomas Arundel, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was exiled for life. As a younger son of King Henry II, he was not expected to ascend the throne. Made in the 1920s, these lenses are highly praised for the soft focus images they produce. Richard of Bordeaux was the younger son of Edward, Prince of Wales, and Joan, Countess of Kent. is credited with reconciling John of Gaunt and the Londoners in 1377. For information about the the royal family in the reign of Richard II, see his family tree (pdf file, 76KB). [115], Richard's mental state has been a major issue of historical debate since the first academic historians started treating the subject in the 19th century. Thomas and John Holland. Despite great sums of money awarded to the Empire, the political alliance never resulted in any military victories. [51] As part of the truce, Richard agreed to marry Isabella, daughter of Charles VI of France, when she came of age. Only six of the statues remain, rather damaged, and the dais has been remodelled, but otherwise the hall remains largely as Richard and his architect, Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, Cultural depictions of Richard II of England, List of earls in the reign of Richard II of England, Ellis, Nicolas, Nicolas Harris, 'Richard II's army for Scotland, 1385', in, Student's History of England from the Earliest Times to the Death of King Edward VII, "Richard II, King of England (1367–1400)", Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary, Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester, Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_II_of_England&oldid=998670494, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [86][87] Chaucer was also in the service of John of Gaunt, and wrote The Book of the Duchess as a eulogy to Gaunt's wife Blanche. The House of Lancaster not only possessed greater wealth than any other family in England, they were of royal descent and, as such, likely candidates to succeed the childless Richard. [2][125] [75] As for his policy of military retaining, this was later emulated by Edward IV and Henry VII, but Richard II's exclusive reliance on the county of Cheshire hurt his support from the rest of the country. [69], In the last years of Richard's reign, and particularly in the months after the suppression of the appellants in 1397, the king enjoyed a virtual monopoly on power in the country, a relatively uncommon situation in medieval England. [Item, another gold belt of goldsmiths' work, of ostrich plumes set on He was made Marquess of Dorset; marquess being a relatively new title in England up until this point. [50] Instead, in 1396, a truce was agreed to, which was to last 28 years. A proposal put forward in 1393 would have greatly expanded the territory of Aquitaine possessed by the English Crown. Alexander and Binski, pp. In 1371 when the Black Prince fell ill, the prince and princess returned The next two years have been described by historians as Richard's "tyranny". [2][124] In contrast to his grandfather, Richard cultivated a refined atmosphere at court, in which the king was an elevated figure, with art and culture at its centre. sweetheart. In a typical roll for a medieval aristocratic mother, she was an arbitrator between her husband and their oldest son Richard II. [91] Men from all over the country soon rallied around him. [11] The king, sheltered within the Tower of London with his councillors, agreed that the Crown did not have the forces to disperse the rebels and that the only feasible option was to negotiate. [99] The problem was solved by emphasising Henry's descent in a direct male line, whereas March's descent was through his grandmother, Philippa of Clarence. [2] The king set out by the River Thames on 13 June, but the large number of people thronging the banks at Greenwich made it impossible for him to land, forcing him to return to the Tower. [77], As part of Richard's programme of asserting his authority, he also tried to cultivate the royal image. [6] Again, fears of John of Gaunt's ambitions influenced political decisions, and a regency led by the king's uncles was avoided. The Record and Process was created as a piece of pro-Lancastrian propaganda and as such is biased in favour of Henry and unsympathetic towards Richard.Henry called his first Parliament on 6October 1399, after Richard II was deposed on 30 September, which outlined the events at Conway all the way to Richard’s deposition and included a copy of the official transcript of the Record and … II,2,1351. Are you looking for more answers, or do you have a question for other crossword enthusiasts? Thomas was Constable of Pontefract Castle, where Richard II is said to have died. However, this promise was never fulfilled, as the cost of the royal retinue, the opulence of court and Richard's lavish patronage of his favourites proved as expensive as war had been, without offering commensurate benefits. e. ^ Beaufort was the oldest of John of Gaunt's children with Katherine Swynford; illegitimate children whom Richard had given legitimate status in 1390. became duke of Aquitaine. Richard's posthumous reputation has been shaped to a large extent by William Shakespeare, whose play Richard II portrayed Richard's misrule and his deposition as responsible for the 15th-century Wars of the Roses. [60] Warwick was also condemned to death, but his life was spared and his sentence reduced to life imprisonment. We found one answer for the crossword clue Mother of Richard II. 1328-85), was a granddaughter of Edward I. [106] While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the king, the Wilton Diptych portrays him as significantly younger than he was at the time; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point. [49], With national stability secured, Richard began negotiating a permanent peace with France. Joan's brother died in 1352 and she became countess Feb 10, 2016 - The story of the beautiful wife of the Black Prince and mother of Richard II. [30] The relationship between Richard and his uncle John of Gaunt deteriorated further with military failure, and Gaunt left England to pursue his claim to the throne of Castile in 1386 amid rumours of a plot against his person. [98] However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, great-grandson of Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel, Duke of Clarence. Richard makes a brief journey to Ireland, but no scenes take place there, and it is in this time away from England that Henry takes action and Richard essentially loses his crown. In June 1363 the prince and by far the most amorous'. Neville, as a man of the clergy, was deprived of his. [61] Richard then took his persecution of adversaries to the localities. Research and Royal Holloway second son, Richard of Bordeaux, who was born on 6 January 1367, became [63], A threat to Richard's authority still existed, however, in the form of the House of Lancaster, represented by John of Gaunt and his son Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford. [1], Richard was born at the Archbishop's Palace, Bordeaux, in the English principality of Aquitaine, on 6 January 1367. (1987). [81], Among Richard's grandest projects in the field of architecture was Westminster Hall, which was extensively rebuilt during his reign,[82] perhaps spurred on by the completion in 1391 of John of Gaunt's magnificent hall at Kenilworth Castle. back to top ^ It has been speculated that the whole incident surrounding the killing of Wat Tyler was in fact planned in advance by the council, in order to end the rebellion. his father's heir. [a] For this reason, Richard was quickly invested with the princedom of Wales and his father's other titles. Edward, eldest son of Edward III and heir apparent to the throne of England, had distinguished himself as a military commander in the early phases of the Hundred Years' War, particularly in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. While the court party preferred negotiations, Gaunt and Buckingham urged a large-scale campaign to protect English possessions. Richard makes a brief journey to Ireland, but no scenes take place there, and it is in this time away from England that Henry takes action and Richard essentially loses his crown. Although one chronicle suggested that a plot was being planned against the king, there is no evidence that this was the case. [56] The king had Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick arrested in July 1397. c. ^ While both England and the Empire supported Pope Urban VI in Rome, the French sided with the Avignon Papacy of Clement VII. [66] The king felt safe from Bolingbroke, who was residing in Paris, since the French had little interest in any challenge to Richard and his peace policy. Alas for both, both mine, Edward and Clarence! [62] A parliamentary committee decided that the two should settle the matter by battle, but at the last moment Richard exiled the two dukes instead: Mowbray for life, Bolingbroke for ten years. [43] The proceedings went further, and a number of Richard's chamber knights were also executed, among these Burley. [2] Instead, a so-called crusade led by Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, was dispatched, which failed miserably. [117] This was challenged by V. H. Galbraith, who argued that there was no historical basis for such a diagnosis,[118] a line that has also been followed by later historians of the period, such as Anthony Goodman and Anthony Tuck. Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at Beaumont Palace, in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. The future King Richard II was born at the Archbishop's Palace, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, at epiphany, on 6th January, 1367. Recommended Blogs. Mar 8, 2018 - The story of the beautiful wife of the Black Prince and mother of Richard II. While McKisack (1959), p. 476. ], The Institute of Historical Richard II was the King of England from 1377 to 1399. Modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. 8. In The Mother of All Portrait Lens, 13″ Cooke Series II. Early life. [53] In the autumn of 1394, Richard left for Ireland, where he remained until May 1395. [23] When Richard made him chancellor in 1383, and created him Earl of Suffolk two years later, this antagonised the more established nobility. [116] Historian Anthony Steel, who wrote a full-scale biography of the king in 1941, took a psychiatric approach to the issue, and concluded that Richard had schizophrenia. event celebrated by the Prince with splendid tournaments. [55] It was one of the most successful achievements of Richard's reign, and strengthened his support at home, although the consolidation of the English position in Ireland proved to be short-lived. Her husband assumed the courtesy title of earl, John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace was burnt down. Richard, despite two marriages, to Anne and Isabelle of France, had no children, and was overthrown in 1399 by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV). [f], According to the official record, read by the Archbishop of Canterbury during an assembly of lords and commons at Westminster Hall on Tuesday 30 September, Richard gave up his crown willingly and ratified his deposition citing as a reason his own unworthiness as a monarch. [41] The three peers then joined forces with Gaunt's son Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, and Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham – the group known to history as the Lords Appellant. Joan, Countess of Kent (29 September 1326/7 – 7 August 1385), known to history as The Fair Maid of Kent, was the mother of King Richard II of England, her son by her third husband, Edward the Black Prince, son and heir apparent of King Edward III. 3. a female given name. [2] The rebellion started in Kent and Essex in late May, and on 12 June, bands of peasants gathered at Blackheath near London under the leaders Wat Tyler, John Ball, and Jack Straw. He never fully recovered and had to return to England the next year. Richard's father, Edward, Prince of Wales, died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to his grandfather, King Edward III. A touching letter from the prince to Joan, written after the battle of Najera in 1367, addresses Joan as his [2], Richard gradually re-established royal authority in the months after the deliberations of the Merciless Parliament. Southern England `` tyranny '' time, as such a claim would have amounted treason... Questions surrounding Richard concerns his political agenda and the reasons for its failure, written after the battle of in! Have amounted to treason Richard gradually re-established royal authority in the upbringing of her.... 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