This virtual king pin angle remains a fundamental design parameter. While running of vehicle, this inclination of the wheel inwards and outwards causes the tire to wear more on one side than the other. Today we look at kingpin inclination angle, known as KPI or KPA. SAE Transactions This means that if the camber angle is adjustable within the pivot points the scrub radius can be changed, this alters the width and offset of the tires on a vehicle. When the wheel returns to straight ahead position, the weight of the vehicle presses down on the steering axis and this helps straighten the wheel.This causes the wheel to toe out a little and tyre wear is more on the outer side. Steering Axis Inclination. Largely a consquence of packaging, KPI does provide a degree of self centreing … To determine the effects of caster angle and kingpin inclination angle on the above-mentioned handling metrics, the design of experiments (DOE) has been carried out. Under normal practice Castor angle is kept around 2 to 3 Degrees. Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. Some road feel in the steering wheel is a good thing. The effect of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various vehicle performance metrics such as steering effort, vehicle handling, and steering system vibration is described in this paper. Experiencing these symptoms while driving may result in a shaking cab or steering wheel. However, dissimilar to KPI, the effect is opposite from side to side. SAI is also referred to as KPI (King Pin Inclination) on trucks and old cars with king pins instead of ball joints. SAE International's core competencies are life-long learning and voluntary consensus standards development. About 3 mm of Toe-in is provided in the front wheels. Buy Red Giant VFX King Pin Tracker (Download) featuring Planar Tracking within After Effects, Add Objects and Signs into a Shot, Pin a Bumper Sticker to a Moving Car, Pin Non-Rectangular Objects, Modify a House into a Castle, Add Scar, Tattoo, Digital Makeup Effects, Remove or Replace Objects and Props, Quality Motion Blur and Render Engine. If the kingpin axis intersection point is outboard of the center of the contact patch, it … If we now compare the effects in Figs. 49. Combined angle is equal to camber plus kingpin inclination. SAE International is a global association of more than 128,000 engineers and related technical experts in the aerospace, automotive and commercial-vehicle industries. King Pin Inclination and Caster. It is very necessary to have some inclination of King Pin as it allow the straight ahead recovery after taking a turn, thus providing directional stability.When the vehicle takes a turn, the inclination of King Pin causes the vehicle body to move up, in relation to the wheels.So as soon as the steering wheel is left after the turn is completed, the weight of the vehicle tends to … NaCoMM-2007-106. You can check out our video below to find out the factors related to Steering geometry. 110, Section 2: JOURNAL OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (2001). This angle is designed to give a certain kingpin inclination relative to camber. Governor and its type – Centrifugal Governor and Inertia Governor, Perpetual motion machine of first kind with example, First law of thermodynamics for closed system, Types of Wheel – Disc wheel, Wire wheel, Light Alloy cast Wheel, Aluminium Alloys, Magnesium Alloys, Difference between Torque and Power in vehicle with example, Mechanical properties of metals – Elasticity, Plasticity, Ductility, Brittleness, Malleability, Toughness , Hardness. The effect of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various vehicle performance metrics such as steering effort, vehicle handling, and steering system vibration is described in this paper. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Request Permissions. The wheel offset was allowed to take on values of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 inches. While no current-era automobile front suspension incorporates a physical king pin, the angle of the pivot points of the steering knuckle constitute a "virtual king pin" about which the wheels turn. King-pin/ball joints (along with caster) provide directional stability in vehicles. The front axle consists of an idealized solid axle suspension with suspension system components represented by rigid bodies. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Fig. If the king pin centre line meets the ground at a point behind the vertical centre line, it us called Negative Caster. It’s formed by drawing a line through the upper and lower ball joint pivots. King pin angle, virtual or physical, is sometimes referred to as it's acronym KPA, or alternatively king pin inclination (KPI), or steering axis inclination, SAI. ©2000-2021 ITHAKA. That is the power of caster. Theory of Machines (HTM) CASTOR, CAMBER and KING PIN INCLINATION HTM21 Year 2 study Features Bench top unit simulating vehicle front steering arrangement Very visual unit Rolling road can be turned manually Variation of Castor, Camber, King Pin Inclination Accurate adjustment using protractors and flexible joints Many adjustments can be made to vary results … Under normal practice, around 7 to 8 degrees of inclination is provided to the king pin. King Pin Inclination The angle between the vertical line and center of the king pin or steering axle, when view from front vehicle, is known as king pin inclination. 51 Castor is defined as the angle between the kingpin centre line and vertical in the plane of the wheel. Understanding what caster does and how to use it is a powerful tool in the box of a suspension tuner. This means there is less than half an inch between the king pin inclination line and the tire center line where the tire contacts the road. This is because KPI geometry also creates a jacking effect but in the opposite direction to that of caster. Scrub radius is zero when king pin axis meets the tyre centre line on the ground.In this case wheel keep straight position without any tendency to toe and toe out.In this position steering is called centre point steering. It reduces tyre wear also. This is the inclination inwards at the top of the king pin towards the center of the kart, and it is aimed at counter-acting the jacking effect of the castor: at the same time it helps to produce a stronger joint, which will be able to withstand higher shearing forces. 2"| Page" Figure"2:Less caster,lesscaster"lead " " Figure2b:Greatercaster,greatercasterlead % When%cornering,% Z Á ] P Z v } v ] v P P [ } u ] v } Z } v ] v P ( } X d Z } v ] v P Experimental design procedures (DOE) have been conducted to determine the effects of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various steering system performance measures. In AWD and FWD cars, you want to try to limit the scrub radius to less than 2” because it increases the effects of torque steer. You will notice signs of kingpin and bushing failure from incorrect vehicle alignment, premature and uneven front tire wear, and rough handling. Toe-out is defined as the amount by which front wheels are set closer together at the rear than at the front when the vehicle is stationary. 50. The Ultimate Handling Guide Part VIII: Understanding Your Caster, King Pin Inclination and Scrub. Most likely, these wheels will have a positive caster because they were made to help you keep the cart straight as you push it. To access this article, please, Vol. Camber should not generally exceed 2° in the wheels so that when the vehicle is loaded the camber automatically reduces zero. It is very necessary to have some inclination of King Pin as it allow the straight ahead recovery after taking a turn, thus providing directional stability.When the vehicle takes a turn, the inclination of King Pin causes the vehicle body to move up, in relation to the wheels.So as soon as the steering wheel is left after the turn is completed, the weight of the vehicle tends to return the wheels to the straight ahead position. The results of each DOE study provide a measure of the sensitivity of each performance metric to the individual and combined effects kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset. If these points coincide, the scrub radius is zero. NaCoMM-2007-106. The effect of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various vehicle performance metrics such as steering effort, vehicle handling, and steering system vibration is described in this paper. Combined angle or Included angle is defined as the angle between the wheel Central line and the king pin centre line. The scrub radius is shown at the bottom at .427”. 000. Caster angle, similar to KPI, causes the wheel to rise and fall as well. A full factorial DOE for a 2-variable (caster angle and KPIA) and 5-level simulation was done to understand the trend of the output parameters. The KPIA was allowed to take on values of 6.25°, 7.0°, 7.75°, 8.5°, and 9.25°. The smaller the scrub radius is the less feedback to the wheel you get. Scrub radius is negative when king pin Axis meets the tyre centre line above the ground.In this case, wheel tend to toe in. Effect :It is reduces steering effort particularly when vehicle is stationary. Scrub radius is maintaned around 12 millimetres. It is known as the kingpin inclination or the steering axis inclination. For each performance metric, a 2-variable (KPIA and wheel offset), 5-level DOE was performed using the full factorial matrix for a total of 25 tests for each performance metric. Toe-in is defined as amount by which the front wheels are set closer together at the front than at the rear when the vehicle is stationary. The tire model used in this study is a linear tire model, and estimates of tire force coefficients were obtained as an average of several published estimates of medium-duty truck tires. Similarly in negative camber tyres tend to toe in a little and wear from inner side of tyre. If the king pin centre line meets the ground at a point ahead of vertical Centre line then it is known as Positive Caster. Improper lubrication of kingpin bushings can cause kingpin contact points to begin to wear at the steering knuckle. This means there is less than half an inch between the king pin inclination line and the tire center line where the tire contacts the road. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. King-pin inclination vs Caster: Caster angle forms when the steering axis line crosses the road contact ahead of the vertical line. Under normal practice, combined angle is kept around 10 degrees. A simple ADAMS model of a medium-duty … In case of positive camber, as the vehicle turns, the outside suspension ends to rise on the wheel. A wheel is said to have a Positive camber if top of the wheel is tilts out. The most likely cause for SAI being out is bent parts which must be replaced to correct the condition. The ‘Steering Axis’ is the axis around which the wheel assembly swivels as it turns to the right or left. In a rear wheel drive vehicle, the tractive force of vehicle pushes the suspension cross member and body forward during drive.Thus the forward tractive force acts at the point on the road where king pin axis meets when projected and the road resistance acts at the wheel contact point on road.The distance between these two points is called as Scrub radius. NaCoMM-2007-106. Where as excessive toe-out of wheels, results in reduced understeer and greater increase in steering during cornering. SAE International's charitable arm is the SAE Foundation, which supports many programs, including A World In Motion® and the Collegiate Design Series. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions They exist on anything that has wheels on the bottom of it. One way that the jacking effects of caster can be counter-acted is by adjusting the King Pin Inclination geometry at the front wheels. NaCoMM-2007-106. All Rights Reserved. © 2001 SAE International The kingpin inclination also contributes to the scrub radius of the steered wheel, the distance between the centre of the tyre contact patch and where the kingpin axis intersects the ground. Because the kingpin or ball-joints forms a pivot around which the steering knuckles rotate when you turn the wheels. This is a completely STOCK geometry system! There is no kingpin inclination in the figure. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Steering Axis Inclination (SAI) is also known as King Pin Inclination (KPI). However, steering axis inclination is the line passing thru' the center of the king-pin/ball joints that tilts inwards (towards the center of the vehicle). There are five main factors related to Steering geometry. A simple ADAMS model of a medium-duty truck has been developed for this study. If you change one you can't help but change the other. A wheel is said to have a Negative Camber if top of the wheel is tilts in. King-pin inclination (KPI) is greater on most karts than on most cars, and is the inward lean of the king-pins (up, towards the centreline of the kart). 10(b), (c) and (d) show the pin surface after pin-on-disk measurements under constant load conditions with lubricants of distilled water, HA solution in PBS and diluted BCS, respectively. The Ultimate Handling Guide Part 8: Understanding Your Caster, King Pin Inclination and Scrub. On most modern designs, the kingpin angle is set relative to the tru… Scrub radius is positive if king pin Axis meets the tyre centre line below the ground.In this case wheel tend to toe out. 10(a) is the pin surface before measurements, Fig. The king pin inclination relative to castor is very significant in relation to the change of effective camber on lock, that is as the tyre to road sees it, not as the chassis sees it. 7.16 and 7.17, we can see that if kingpin is introduced first, undesirable positive camber results from steering but if castor is then added in, negative camber is introduced. Excessive toe-in of the wheel results in decreased oversteer and increased directional stability. Therefore, with symmetric geometry, the effect of right steer will roll the car to the left causing a diagonal weight shift. For example, pay attention to the wheels on the shopping cart at your local supermarket. The larger the scrub radius is the more feedback and shock load you get. By Mike Kojima. King pin inclination is defined as the inclination of the king pin from vertical.In modern cars where the king pin has been replaced by the ball joint this term has also been renamed as “Steering axis inclination” and is defined as the inclination of the ball joint axis from the vertical. Positive lifting of the car tends to increase the self-aligning torque whereas … The purpose of providing castor is to give a Trailing effect to the front wheels.This Trailing effect allows the vehicle to easily straight ahead recovery. It is thus possible to specify a combination of castor angle and king-pin inclination for these two effects to be balanced out, with the unexpected result that low-speed steering may actually be made lighter by an increase in castor angle, contrary to what you would normally expect. 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